Well Type

Defined as Producer or Injector

PVT

The fluid system can be defined as Black oil, Equation of State (EOS), PVT tables and standard PVT formats (PETEX, Eclipse and IFP).

Completion details

Interactive definition of the well completion using a components library. Restrictions, IDs, roughness and deviation are defined and considered in the traverse and VLP calculations. Tubing or annular flow may be selected. The well diagram is displayed in the main interface.

Gas lift: Defined based on the injected gas rate and valve depth. The injected gas may have different PVT properties to the produced gas.

Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP): The pump parameters can be defined either from performance curves, fixed ΔP or fixed power from a built-in catalogue with hundreds of pumps and performance curves.

Equipment design

Chokes: Performance evaluation based on multiple empirical and theoretical models. These can be used to predict the pressure drop, gas and liquid rates, and choke parameters.

ESP design and selection based on production requirements and well constraints.

The temperature profile can be loaded or calculated. The built-in temperature model uses a segmented model incorporating convection, conduction, and thermal compressibility effects.

Flowing Pressure Gradients must be calculated to relate the interaction between surface and bottomhole conditions.

The wellbore is segmented into various intervals, and in each of them, the physical properties of the fluid are computed, together with the hydrostatic, frictional and kinetic pressure drops.

Multiphase Correlations

Empirical and mechanistic pressure drop models are available with the possibility of constraining the traverse calculation based on measured pressure gradients.

Inputs

Traverses are calculated based on surface or bottomhole pressures, and rate definition (individual rates or phase ratios). Multiple scenarios or tests can be generated, with the data loaded manually or from a file.

Miscellaneous

• Any number of calculation nodes can be defined
• Several erosional velocity models available
• Static liquid column for gas cases
• Several panes available to display parameters versus depth including pressure, temperature, velocity, rate, slippage velocity, hold-ups, flow patterns, etc.

Vertical Lift Performance (VLP)

Whilst the traverse shows the pressure gradient for a single rate, the VLP calculates the pressure over a range of rates at a specific depth or node.

Multiphase correlations

The same models are available for the traverse calculations.

Inputs

Requires the range of rates and wellhead pressure conditions. User data can be input manually or from a file.

VLP Export

Lift curves can be generated in VFP, VLP or Eclipse™ format for third party software

The Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR) is calculated using theoretical models including Pseudo-steady state and Jones, and also empirical correlations for vertical, horizontal and fracture wells, such as Vogel, Fetkovich, Babu & Odeh, and Joshi. User data can be added for comparison and for matching with the calculated model.

For models with a skin, the user can input a total skin or calculate the skin components using a completion model.

Nodal Analysis

Once the VLP and IPR curves are calculated, Grenat displays them on the same nodal analysis or deliverability plot.

The intersect of the two curves is the operating point, which represents the surface rates and bottomhole flowing pressure calculated for the wellhead pressure defined during the VLP calculation.

Variables

Sensitivities to operational, completion and reservoir parameters. This analysis may generate new IPR, VLPs and traverses, depending on the variable. Unlimited number of sensitivities per case.

Calculation

The calculation can be based on a single parameter or multivariate scenarios.

Plots

Sensitivities can be generated for the nodal analysis or traverses plots. A cross correlation between the resulting rates and the sensitivity parameters can be displayed.